Since the 1980s, the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes have captivated archaeologists. These longest coastal dunes in the world harbor secrets beneath their sand. After careful planning and excavation, an unexpected relic was finally discovered.
The discovery of this artifact, which seems to be thousands of miles and years away from its origin, showcases the historical richness and mystery of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes. It offers a fascinating glimpse into a past that connects different cultures and eras.
In recent years, the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes have been a treasure trove for archaeology. Many small artifacts have been unearthed, enriching the area's history. The most notable discovery was a particularly significant artifact in 2017.
This remarkable relic, seemingly out of place in the dunes, has captured the imagination of archaeologists and historians alike. The story of its journey to the dunes is as fascinating as the artifact itself, prompting speculation and research about its origin and the circumstances of its burial in this unlikely location.
Stretching over 20 miles, the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes present a challenging landscape for locating artifacts in this vast, ever-changing terrain. The dune topography constantly shifts due to the wind.
The deeper areas of the park are characterized by distinctive yellow scrub, freshwater ponds, and the sound of waves crashing against the coast. This dynamic and diverse landscape increases the complexity of archaeological efforts in the area, making every successful find a testament to the researchers' determination and capability.
The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes hold a rich human history. In the 18th century, Spanish explorers surveyed the area. In the 20th century, artists, intellectuals, and nature enthusiasts were drawn to the natural beauty.
This diverse community, thriving between the 1920s and 1940s, even published a magazine, "The Dune Forum," celebrating the unique environment of the dunes and the inspiration it provided.
The "Dunites," residents of the dunes, were not the only ones attracted to this landscape. The discovery of oil in the sand in 1948 marked a new era for the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes.
The oil company Unocal, eager to tap into this newly found resource, soon established the Guadalupe Oil Field, turning the area into a site of industrial activity. This development marked a significant shift in the use and perception of the dunes, from a haven for creative minds to a valuable commodity.
However, Unocal's operations in the dunes had consequences. Drilling activities led to a massive oil spill. It wasn't until 1994 that Unocal acknowledged the disaster and began cleanup efforts.
The extent of environmental damage was so significant that as of 2015, it was estimated that restoration efforts could take another decade. These ongoing cleanup efforts underscore the long-term environmental impacts of industrial activities on natural landscapes and the challenges of remediation.
Over time, the importance of protecting the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes was recognized. Starting in the 1970s, measures were taken to preserve the 18-mile stretch of sand, including banning off-road vehicles that were damaging the sensitive ecosystem.
These conservation efforts reflect a growing awareness of the need to align human activities with the preservation of natural and historical treasures. The dunes, with their unique ecological and archaeological significance, represent a valuable heritage that requires careful management to ensure its survival for future generations.
Despite human interventions, the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes continue to demonstrate their natural resilience and beauty. They are a product of natural forces, bearing witness to the dynamic interaction between land and sea.
Sediments carried by the Santa Maria River met the sands of the Pacific Ocean, and the strong coastal winds shaped these materials into the magnificent dune landscape we see today. The interplay of river and sea, along with the relentless shaping by the wind, has created a series of high sand peaks, each telling a story of natural processes over countless years.
The formation of dunes in the Guadalupe-Nipomo area began almost two thousand years ago and continues to this day. The ever-changing landscape is highlighted by Mussel Rock Dune, which stands at almost 500 feet, making it the highest.
Beyond their sheer size and aesthetic appeal, these dunes harbor a wealth of natural treasures. The unique ecosystem fostered by these sand giants is home to a diverse flora and fauna that has adapted to the challenging conditions of dune life.
Within this impressive dune system lies the Oso Flaco Lake, a freshwater jewel amidst the sands. The lake is a crucial part of the diverse ecosystem and contributes to creating a unique environment along the California coast.
The lake and its surrounding habitats support a rich wildlife population, including over 200 bird species. This bird diversity makes Oso Flaco Lake a vital component of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes, showcasing the ecological complexity and biodiversity of the region.
The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes are not only a bird paradise but also a habitat for a variety of wildlife. They provide a home for species such as the California red-legged frog, various lizards, and the coast garter snake, all adapted to the sandy environment.
The presence of these animals underscores the dunes' significance as crucial wildlife habitats and offers a unique insight into the interplay between desert-like environments and the rich biodiversity they can support.
The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes also serve as a bastion for plant diversity, with around 20 endangered plant species thriving in this challenging environment. These plants have adapted to harsh conditions like sand burial, saltwater spray, and windy, isolated settings.
The survival and prosperity of these plants in such an environment are remarkable, demonstrating the resilience and adaptability of life in the face of adversity. Thus, the dunes act as a living laboratory for studying plant adaptation and survival in extreme environments.
In addition to its natural wonders, the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes have been the focus of an unusual archaeological quest. Since the 1980s, experts have been excavating for Egyptian relics, which seems contradictory considering the great distance from Egypt.
These efforts reflect the unexpected historical significance of the dunes and hint at a fascinating and mysterious past that connects distant cultures and times.
The archaeological work in the dunes is far from arbitrary. Experts use sophisticated ground mapping techniques to identify potential sites under the sand in the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes. However, the retrieval of these artifacts is a complex task.
This meticulous approach underscores the importance of responsible archaeology, which respects both the cultural significance of the artifacts and the ecological integrity of the site.
Many of the artifacts found under the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes are made of gypsum, which has deteriorated in quality over the years due to long burial. The team at Applied EarthWorks, Inc. has developed methods to solidify these fragile relics before they are excavated.
This innovative approach is crucial for preserving the integrity of the artifacts, allowing for a deeper understanding of their historical significance and ensuring that they can be studied and appreciated for years to come.
The Guadalupe-Nipomo project, a significant archaeological endeavor, has been characterized by a long and challenging process. The Dunes Center, responsible for the project, had to secure funding for the excavations. A difficult task, considering the costs and logistics involved.
The unpredictability of nature sometimes played a favorable role by unexpectedly supporting the archaeologists' efforts. The natural elements occasionally revealed hidden treasures that would have otherwise remained concealed.
Sand dunes are fascinating, dynamic natural phenomena. In particular, the dunes in the Guadalupe-Nipomo area stand out due to their constant movement and reshaping. This movement indirectly aids archaeologists in their work.
When the dunes shift, they occasionally reveal fragments of ancient relics that offer a glimpse into the larger, hidden archaeological treasures. These exposed fragments serve as tantalizing clues to more significant and potentially groundbreaking discoveries beneath the surface.
The year 2017 was a milestone for the archaeologists at the Guadalupe-Nipomo project. Despite modern tools like radar imaging, they were scarcely prepared for what they would find beneath the dunes.
In a remarkable discovery, they unearthed a 300-pound Sphinx head, an astonishing find that seemed almost unbelievable. Not only was this find unexpected, but it also altered the understanding of what lay hidden beneath these shifting sands.
The discovery of the Sphinx head was notable not only for its size and weight but also for its amazingly well-preserved condition. Doug Jenzen, Director of the Dunes Center, was impressed by the find.
Buried under the sand for decades, the Sphinx head retained its original color, displaying vivid, intense hues, a testament to the preserving properties of its sandy grave.
The presence of a Sphinx in the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes is a curious anomaly given the connection to Egypt. However, archaeologists expected Egyptian-stylized artifacts due to a unique historical context.
The dunes were once used as a filming location for a famous movie during the Prohibition era. This part of film history provided a clue as to why such culture-specific and historically significant artifacts were found in an otherwise unexpected location.
The connection of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes to Hollywood history dates back to the 1920s when director Cecil B. DeMille chose this location for his film "The Ten Commandments."
This blockbuster showcased a mix of modern and ancient settings, with vibrant scenes from Ancient Egypt. The choice of the dunes for these scenes lent authenticity to the film, effectively transporting viewers to biblical landscapes.
To portray the Egyptian deserts convincingly, the production team of "The Ten Commandments" transformed the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes into an impressive film set.
This ambitious endeavor involved constructing elaborate sets, including four colossal Pharaoh statues and impressive 21 Sphinxes. The scale of this construction was monumental, requiring significant resources and labor to create a realistic depiction of Ancient Egypt on the Pacific coast.
The set construction for "The Ten Commandments" was a massive effort involving over 1,500 workers. After filming, large parts of the set were left to the elements and eventually buried under the sand.
This led to widespread speculation and rumors about why such elaborate and expensive constructions were abandoned and possibly destroyed. Some reports even suggest that the crew used dynamite to dismantle the set and expedite its burial under the dunes.
There is a theory that Cecil B. DeMille orchestrated the burial of the "The Ten Commandments" set himself. In the 1920s, it was common for low-budget filmmakers to steal props from big productions.
This act would have protected DeMille's artistic vision and ensured that his epic scenery remained exclusive to his film. It was a strategic decision reflecting both DeMille's protective instincts over his work and his keen understanding of the film landscape at that time.
Another possibility is that the set was naturally buried by the harsh environmental influences of the area. The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes are known for their strong winds.
These natural forces would have gradually eroded the film set, breaking down the gypsum and other materials until they eventually succumbed to the relentless shifting sands. Over time, this process would have buried the once magnificent set, hidden under the dunes, forgotten by time and concealed from human eyes.
Regardless of the cause—whether human intervention or the forces of nature—the magnificent set of "The Ten Commandments" remained hidden for over sixty years. Peter Brosnan, a filmmaker and admirer of DeMille's work, took note.
Inspired by clues in DeMille's autobiography, Brosnan embarked on a mission to find the location where this cinematic masterpiece was filmed. His search was driven by a deep appreciation for DeMille's artistry and a filmmaker's curiosity to uncover a piece of forgotten Hollywood history.
Brosnan's determination led him to the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes, but he encountered substantial challenges. The primary issue was the cost of the large-scale excavation.
Additionally, the fragile nature of the gypsum remnants required careful handling and possibly even restoration before they could be safely excavated from the sand. This added to the technical complexity and the additional costs of an already challenging project.
Brosnan's search was complicated by environmental concerns. The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes were under protective measures due to past ecological damages.
It took several decades for Brosnan to overcome the bureaucratic and environmental barriers and obtain the necessary permits from Santa Barbara County. His perseverance was a testament to his dedication to revealing this piece of film history.
Despite Brosnan's efforts, the excavations did not begin until years later. In the 1990s, initial excavations began, providing fascinating insights into the past.
Among the finds were items from the Prohibition era, like bottles and smoking paraphernalia, and surprisingly, a piece of burnt toast preserved under the sand. These discoveries painted a vivid picture of the era and life on set during the filming of "The Ten Commandments."
In 2012, the excavation team in the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes experienced a significant but ultimately disappointing moment. They found a Sphinx head, a discovery that initially sparked excitement. However, during the retrieval, the head crumbled, a casualty of its decades-long burial under the sand.
Over time, the entire structure had significantly weakened, a testament to the ravages of time and nature on these historical artifacts. This incident underscored not only the challenges of archaeological preservation but also served as a poignant reminder of the transient nature even of seemingly most enduring creations of human craftsmanship. It highlighted the complex balance between the desire to discover and preserve historical artifacts and the often unforgiving reality of their fragile condition, further complicated by the conditions under which they had lain for decades.
Against the backdrop of past challenges and disappointments, the discovery of a well-preserved Sphinx in the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in 2017 was an exciting experience for the archaeologists. The Sphinx, in its original terracotta color, was impressive and stood nearly ten feet tall.
The remarkable preservation of the find offers a rare and vivid connection to the past, revives a piece of film history, and reaffirms the significance of ongoing archaeological efforts at this unique and historically important site.
The discovery of the Sphinx in the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in 2017 was a stroke of luck for the excavation team. The complete covering under the sand protected the gypsum structure from harsh environmental influences.
This natural preservation method allowed water to drain and prevented moisture damage that ruined other artifacts. If the Sphinx had been in contact with the ground or other less permeable materials, it might have suffered the same fate—decaying due to moisture absorption.
Given their fortunate find, the researchers did not take any risks with the second Sphinx found. They carefully sprayed foam into the structure to give the gypsum statue additional stability. This meticulous approach demonstrated their dedication to the artifact's preservation.
Remarkably, the Sphinx was found in relatively good condition even without this reinforcement, with many of its intricate details still recognizable. This level of preservation was unexpected and provided a unique opportunity to study the craftsmanship of the era.
When discussing the Sphinx, Doug Jenzen emphasized its vibrant, colorful painting—a striking feature considering "The Ten Commandments" was filmed in black and white. Using such bright colors was a practical decision to highlight the statue's details.
This aspect of the Sphinx offers a fascinating insight into the film techniques of the time, where color played a crucial role in enhancing visual details despite the limitations of black-and-white film technology.
The significance of the Sphinx extends beyond its connection to ancient Egypt; it represents an important piece of American cinematic history. As Jenzen stated in an interview with Quartz, relics from Hollywood's golden age are extremely rare.
The discovery and preservation of this Sphinx from DeMille's set provide a rare opportunity to preserve a piece of this illustrious past. It is not just an artifact from a famous film but a tangible link to a bygone era of filmmaking.
Recognizing the historical and cultural importance of the Sphinx, Jenzen and his team planned a grand future for it. Once restored, this magnificent piece will be exhibited in the Dunes Center Museum in Downtown Guadalupe, California.
This exhibition will not only present a piece of film history but also serve as a testament to the dedication and efforts of those who tirelessly worked to unearth and preserve it.
The discovery of the Sphinx inspired the team to continue their exploration efforts. However, further excavations depended on securing substantial funding. As Jenzen told LiveScience, the costs for a single excavation permit in the dunes could exceed $130,000.
These high costs underscore the challenges of such archaeological endeavors and the need for significant financial support to uncover more potential treasures buried in the dunes.
In the meantime, those interested in the history of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes and the search for the lost film set can turn to Peter Brosnan's documentary "The Lost City of Cecil B. DeMille" from 2016.
This film documents Brosnan's journey to discover the remnants of DeMille's set and includes interviews with residents who lived near the dunes during the filming of "The Ten Commandments." The documentary offers a unique perspective on the impact of film production on the local area and the subsequent quest to uncover these hidden relics of Hollywood's golden age.