Human Activities Lead to the Extinction of 73 Genera of Terrestrial Vertebrates

Bookworm

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A recent study has revealed that human activities, including deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture, have resulted in the disappearance of 73 genera of terrestrial vertebrates since 1500. Birds have been the most affected, followed by mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. The extinction rate of vertebrates is currently 35 times faster than in the past million years.

An international group of biologists has determined how many genera of animals have become extinct in the last five centuries due to human activities, and by how much humans have accelerated the extinction of vertebrates.

Many researchers believe that the extinction of biological species is a natural process in the development of life on our planet. In fact, there have been five mass extinctions of living organisms as a result of evolution. During each mass extinction event, at least 75 percent of species could have disappeared from the Earth's surface, typically over a relatively short period of time, usually less than two million years.

Among the main causes of these devastating events, scientists have identified global climate change. It should be emphasized that this is just a hypothesis based on data extracted from ancient deposits of rock formations. In reality, determining the true causes of mass extinctions is extremely challenging.

Some scientists hypothesize that our planet is currently undergoing a sixth mass extinction, also known as the Holocene extinction. This extinction event began 12,000 years ago due to human influence.

According to experts' estimates, 902 species (including amphibians, birds, and mammals) have disappeared from the face of the Earth in the last 500 years. The main causes of this are deforestation, human activities, and barbaric hunting. For example, among the recently extinct species known to scientists are the passenger pigeon, thylacine, and Chinese river dolphin.

Each of these three species was the last representative of their genus. In biology, a genus is a group of closely related species; species are classified into genera based on morphological similarities. A genus can be polytypic (containing a large number of species), oligotypic (containing a small number of species), or monotypic (containing one species).

While biologists pay a lot of attention to species extinction, information about the extinction of entire genera was not systematically organized until recently. A group of researchers from Stanford University (USA) and the National Autonomous University of Mexico, led by American biologist Paul Ehrlich, decided to address this gap. The results of their work have been published in the journal National Academy of Sciences.

To assess the extinction of animals at the genus level, scientists studied databases of "species status" (including information on extinct species) prepared by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and BirdLife International. Specifically, biologists analyzed information on more than 5,000 genera of terrestrial vertebrates, which included nearly 35,000 species.

A team of researchers has found that due to human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture, 73 genera of terrestrial vertebrates have disappeared since 1500. Birds have suffered the heaviest losses, with 44 genera going extinct, followed by mammals (21), amphibians (five), and reptiles (three).

According to the authors of the study, vertebrates are currently going extinct 35 times faster than in the past million years. Biologists emphasized that if it weren't for humans, only two genera would have gone extinct in 500 years, rather than the 73 revealed by the research. In the span of five centuries, human activities have caused a wave of species extinctions, the accumulation of which would normally take 18,000 years.

"When a species disappears, other species within the same genus can perform some of the functions of the 'extinct' species in the ecosystem, as these species carry a significant portion of the genetic material from their extinct relatives and retain much of their evolutionary potential. Consequently, the diversity of species on the planet remains relatively stable. However, if an entire genus goes extinct, and humans depend on that genus for certain ecological aspects, problems may arise," explained one of the authors of the study, Gerardo Ceballos.

As an example, the scientist cited Lyme disease (also known as borreliosis). In the wild, white-footed mice act as reservoirs for Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, the cause of Lyme disease. Previously, these mice competed with migratory pigeons for food, such as acorns. However, with the disappearance of these birds and the decline in the population of predators such as wolves and pumas, the population of white-footed mice has sharply increased, leading to an increase in Lyme disease cases among humans.

Animals